In livestock production, feed efficiency is one of the biggest drivers of profitability. Simply put, it refers to how effectively animals convert feed into saleable output – whether that is meat, milk, eggs or wool.  It is important to note that feed efficiency is influenced by both the quality of the ration and how that ration is managed on farm. Even a well-formulated feed can under-perform if animals are stressed, feeders are poorly adjusted, water is limited, or health challenges are left unchecked.

For South African farmers managing rising feed prices, environmental pressures and tight margins, getting more value from every bag of feed has never been more important. Feed costs can account for up to 70% of total production expenses in many livestock systems, which means even small inefficiencies can have a noticeable impact on profitability.

The good news is that improving feed efficiency does not always require expensive infrastructure or larger herds. Often, small improvements in management and monitoring can deliver measurable results.

Why Feed Efficiency Matters

When feed is not used efficiently, production costs increase quickly. Animals require more feed to achieve the same level of output, which reduces profitability over time.

Poor feed efficiency can lead to:

• Higher feed costs per kilogram of meat or litre of milk produced
• Reduced profit margins
• Increased wastage
• Lower overall farm productivity

Even small improvements in feed efficiency can translate into meaningful savings over a full production cycle, especially where feed represents the largest input cost.

Feed efficiency looks different depending on the type of livestock operation.

Broilers
In broiler production, feed efficiency is measured using the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). This indicates how many kilograms of feed are needed to produce one kilogram of live weight. The lower the FCR, the more efficient the flock.

Layers
In layer systems, efficiency is measured by the amount of feed required to produce a dozen eggs or a kilogram of egg mass.

Sheep
For sheep producers, feed efficiency relates to weight gain, reproduction and wool production relative to feed intake and forage utilisation.

Dairy
In dairy systems, efficiency is measured by the litres or kilograms of milk produced per kilogram of dry matter intake.

Efficient animals are not simply animals that eat less. They are animals that consistently convert nutrients into productive output.

What Affects Feed Efficiency?

Several factors influence how effectively animals use feed on the farm.

1. Animal Health

Healthy animals convert feed more efficiently than stressed or unhealthy animals. Challenges such as parasites, poor gut health, disease and heat stress all reduce nutrient utilisation.

2. Feed Quality

Poor-quality ingredients, inconsistent feed mixing, or incorrect nutrient balance can negatively impact performance. In poultry systems, pellet quality is especially important, while in ruminants, forage digestibility plays a major role.

3. Farm Management

Good management is essential for reducing feed losses. Common management-related issues include:

• Feed wastage
• Incorrect feeder height
• Irregular feeding schedules
• Poor water availability
• Overcrowding 

4. Environmental Conditions

Extreme temperatures and poor ventilation increase stress and maintenance energy requirements, leaving less energy available for production.

Common Causes of Feed Losses on Farm

In many cases, the feed itself is not the problem. Losses often occur due to poor feeding practices or management after the feed arrives on the farm.

Common issues include:

• Feeding the wrong ration for the production stage
• Overfeeding or underfeeding
• Poor trough or feeder setup
• Ignoring water quality
• Failing to monitor feed intake versus production output
• Allowing health issues to go unnoticed

These hidden inefficiencies can quietly reduce profitability over time.

Practical Ways to Improve Feed Efficiency

Improving feed efficiency does not need to be complicated. Small, practical changes can make a big difference.

Farmers can improve efficiency by:

• Matching feed type to the animal’s age and production stage
• Reducing feed wastage through proper feeder adjustment
• Maintaining strong health and biosecurity programmes
• Ensuring clean, cool water is always available
• Avoiding sudden feed changes
• Managing heat and environmental stress proactively

Consistency is often one of the most important factors in achieving better feed performance.

The Importance of Measuring Performance

You cannot improve what you do not measure. Monitoring feed usage and production performance helps farmers identify inefficiencies early and make informed decisions.

Simple monitoring practices include:

• Recording feed delivered and feed used
• Tracking weight gain, milk yield or egg production
• Calculating feed used per unit of output
• Comparing performance over time

Regular monitoring allows farmers to identify trends and respond before losses become significant.

At Epol, feed efficiency starts with precision nutrition. Scientifically formulated rations, quality raw materials and technical support all play a role in helping farmers achieve consistent performance. When the right feed is matched with good on-farm management, producers are better positioned to reduce waste, improve output and protect profitability.

Final Take-Home Message

Feed efficiency is about more than reducing costs – it is about producing smarter. Across broilers, layers, sheep and dairy systems, efficient feeding supports stronger animal performance, improved profitability and greater long-term sustainability.

In today’s farming environment, getting maximum value from every bag of feed can make a meaningful difference to the success and resilience of a farming operation.

Technical input by Katinka Neethling, Technical Manager, Worcester